A Discrimination Problem and Politics - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 715 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/28 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Civil Rights Movement Essay Discrimination Essay Did you like this example? Harry Truman gives the White Houses first televised presidential speech, urging his fellow citizens to respond to the global problem of food production by imposing certain restrictions. The growing popularity of television will quickly have an impact on the evolution of social and political life in the United States and around the world. During the GATT era, demonstrating the growing ability of countries to trade with each other and take advantage of the benefits of trade. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Discrimination Problem and Politics" essay for you Create order However, Kennedy was also working on building a trust for the whole marketing system to make advertising and economic in general. Moreover, the business corporation started to be more creative. It was almost like a new revolution that began with changing many people concept of advertising, such as adding humor, optimism, candor and it was likely to be irony. Government of Alabama decided to define the limits of the city when in reality it was the right to vote in local elections, many black citizens who lived in the neighborhoods affected by the new of urban boundaries .  Federal invalidated a provision of the California Constitution that prohibited all state interference in the right of the individual to refuse to sell or rent his property to any other, it means authorizing racial discrimination in the internal market. The State of Louisiana in which it was obliged to include the race of each candidate next to his / her name in the candidacy proposals and in the electoral ballots. Even in some cases of hidden or covert discrimination against color people. For the first time in history, two US presidential candidates, Republican Richard Nixon and Democrat John F. Kennedy, face off in a televised debate. This event, which takes place in Chicago, arouses a lot of interest, attracting about 70 million spectators. Therefore, after a while the Second World War, the United States achieved economic growth and consolidated its position as the richest nation in the world. ORIGIN OF THE MOVEMENT OF CIVIL RIGHTS African-Americans became increasingly vocal. During that time they challenged discrimination in military service and in the workforce and achieved modest conquests. Millions of African-Americans left the farms in the south to go to the northern cities, where they hoped to find better jobs. What they found instead were urban neighbourhoods poor and congested. Modernization of political system reforms conditions was during the 1960s, the reform of the US state constitution developed into a state government. Modernization movement, pushing the reforms of the states to a new climax. After awhile of making these steps, the state and local government institutions in the United States had achieved great success. Whether it is a politician, a media elite or a scholar, they have begun to admit that the states are no longer the rusty gears of the government machines, which are rusting and squeaky. Although, because of the state and the local government cooperated with each other that supports health and social welfare benefits has increased dramatically. During the 1960s, the criminal justice system has evolved in a variety of segregation. Political and economic instability has caused civil unrest. This period was characterized by the movement of civil and feminist rights and counter culture. The demonstrators were suspicious of the government and government institutions. In the 1960s, the United States experienced an economic recession. Samuel Walker described the period from 1960 to 1975 as the most turbulent in the history of American criminal justice. Changes in the components of the criminal justice system are the use of technology in response. The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders the Kerner Commission, named after its chairperson. It was mostly about an idea of the society that should be two different race as black and white. Furthermore, there is a really good example of how one person can make a change as I really got inspired by Joan Mulholland, and what she had achieved and address. But I also find an Interes ting that her great-grandparents were slave owners in Georgia, and after the United States Civil War, they became sharecroppers. As how that made her be more successful to achieve her goal for being in the middle of that revolution. Resources John F. Kennedy: Speech by Senator John F. Kennedy, the Little White House, Warm Springs, GA https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190280024/obo-9780190280024-0022.xml

Soviet Union The Cold War - 1150 Words

In the heat of the Cold War, communism has spread its influence across the world and the United States stand fearing the worse from the Soviet Union. The United States’ objective was to expand the sovereignty of capitalism, but this was in the way of the USSR’s plan to overthrow capitalism entirely. With this struggle to keep their intentions active, the Cold War is primarily about who can be able to control the end results of World War II. Now the fear was creeping up among the U.S., with the events of the Korean War and the tension between the free enterprise versus the socialist. So while the Cold War continued to advance, the corruption of Cuba caused by General Fulgencio Batista, elected president of Cuba who has dictated the Cuban†¦show more content†¦Why was the Bay of Pigs Invasion such a failure, what could have been the result of such an intercepted attack? The only way the United States must have lost the attack was probably a seized message that the US were planning an attack, meaning that Castro had the chance to counter. To apprehend the possibility that Fidel Castro might have intercepted such an attack, we should understand the events leading up to that day. On January 1 of 1959, the nation’s leader Batista was overpowered by the Castro forces, leaving almost 50 dead at the battle. What was the reason for the overthrow? Batista was a corrupt leader, returning from his term by deposing Carlos Prà ­o Socarrà ¡s, the elected president of Cuba in 1948 who â€Å"was unable to solve Cuba’s economic problems. In the face of growing labour unrest, he did little to combat corruption and gang violence† (Britannica, Britannica Encyclopà ¦dia). Batista’s intention was to control the universities, the press, and including the Congress, and, in addition, use the cash of the economy to his liking. â€Å"His regime was finally toppled by the rebel forces led by Fidel Castro, who launched their successful at tack in the fall of 1958† (Britannica, Britannica Encyclopà ¦dia). With Fidel Castro in control of Cuba with welcoming hands, American corporations and wealthy individuals were nervous, for they owned â€Å"almost half of Cuba’s sugar plantations and the majority of its cattle ranches, mines and utilities† (Staff). Through

No Turning Back free essay sample

Gasps sounded as lightning flashed. In the two seats next to me, my friends were sleeping peacefully. I, however, was wringing my hands; I was scared. It wasnt one of those absolute horror moments, but just pure anxiety rearing its head. I was 16 and on a plane over Guatemala City. As the lights came on in the cabin and the pilot explained that they were preparing for a lightning strike, I knew there was no turning back. And somewhere deep down, I knew that the coming week would change my life. There was no turning back. I could write for hours about that one week, during that one summer. I could write about the markets, the mission house, Amor del Nios, and all the smiling, disabled children there. I could write about the relationships I formed with people who took that journey with me, but what struck me above all else were the Guatemalans. We will write a custom essay sample on No Turning Back or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I met a widow with grown children who cried and hugged and thanked us for the home we gave her. With tears rolling down her wrinkled face, we held each other. I personally had not worked on her home, but that didnt matter to her. As a group we had come from the United States and given her a home when all shed had before was cardboard covered with plastic bags. The homes we made werent much – four walls and a roof, all of tin, on a cement block 10 feet by 10 feet. I wouldnt even call them shacks. And yet, the people were so thankful. I met children who had nothing compared to me. Shoeless and in ratty clothes, they played in a yard – if they were lucky – inhabited by emaciated pigs and chickens. At one home, three little boys came out to greet us, one named Michelangelo. He played on a barbed-wire fence while he watched us, always smiling. They smile a lot there. After that summer and that one week in Guatemala, I entered the twelfth grade and realized something about myself. Making an A in AP Calculus wasnt as important as it once had been. I have always been a straight-A student, perhaps I always will be, but the grade I earn in some class in high school doesnt really matter in life. What matters more is what I do with what Ive been given. People in Guatemala have nothing, and yet they continue. I have everything going for me and I can no longer ignore that. In my life I plan to use what I have to benefit others. All that I do, academically and intellectually, I do for the purpose of helping others. When I work and achieve good grades, good test results, I do it not to brag but to open more opportunities so that I might go even further and some day help more people. Yet in the same way, when I have a test the next day and a friend calls, crying, I now realize that its more important to be with that friend than to make a perfect grade on some test. When preparing to land at the airport in Guatemala City, our plane was not struck by lightning. I, however, was struck. I was struck by reality in that week. I was struck by compassion for those who have nothing. And theres no turning back.

Innovative Electronicsâ€an Integrative Case Study Essay Example

Innovative Electronics—an Integrative Case Study Essay With social and economic development, the importance of the organizational context is increasingly recognized by people. The context of an organization is represented in or shaped by the structure of the organization (Glushko, 2008). Organizational structure is used to describe the order of various parts of organization, contact information and the interrelationships between the various elements (Robbins, 1990). Simply speaking, organizational context and structure show how the organization is organized. This essay will analyze a case which concerns the organizational context and structure of Innovative Electronics, and give recommendations to change their current situation. Firstly, this essay will describe some background information on Innovative Electronics, and explain the organization of this company. Secondly, it will analyze the problems which should be solved by Innovative Electronics from its external and internal parts. At the same time, some causes which are significant in leading to these problems will be discussed. The following third section regards change and the relevant solutions. Finally, this essay will use a summary to provide some recommendations. 2. Background and Situation Innovative Electronics is a high- technology company located in Europe which is a major subsidiary of an American well-known Fortune 500 company. The parent company involves a number of related areas in many countries and Innovative Electronics plays a key role in its parent company’s core business. Innovative Electronics’ competitive advantages are market-leading core products and high treatment of employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Innovative Electronics—an Integrative Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Innovative Electronics—an Integrative Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Innovative Electronics—an Integrative Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, because their core products lost their competitiveness in the market, the performance of this company showed a failing trend over the last five years. There are two reasons, on the one hand, the socio-economic environment is becoming more competitive, and on the other hand, Innovative Electronics and its parent company have a lot of their own problems in strategies and organizational structure. The following will describe the companys current strategy and organizational structure. From the perspective of corporate culture, the strategy of the parent company is consistency. From the perspective of management, the parent company insisted Innovative Electronics use the centralized management and research methods. As a US parent company, it maintains the integrity and consistency of the company but ignores the regional differences. In this case, a traditional bureaucratic system was applied to the organizational structure of the parent company and subsidiaries. In other words, subsidiary companies in different regions have to replicate US parent company’s functional structure which is not suitable for specific geographical areas and local culture. Because each department in a company has their respective tasks, thereby, organizational structure is used to distribute appropriate work to different departments (Castledine, 2010). The organizational structure of Innovative Electronics is a functional structure. According to Carnall (1995), this form of organization is designed to set different functions and activities into different departments. To some extent, effective internal coordination and cooperation could be achieved through functional structure. However, it is not conducive to product development. Form another point of view, Innovative Electronics is a rational organization. According to Paton and McCalman (2008), rational organization is defined as an organization in which goals are consistent, decision process is rational, power and control centralized, and information is communicated systematically. Most of the commercial companies belong to this type for it is efficient and effective. Siebert (2010) stated that power and control centralized is the most important feature of rational organization, and this is used to distinguish it from other forms of organization, in other words, the power is always in the top. The problems caused by Innovative Electronics’ organizational structure and strategies will be analyzed in the next section. 3. Problems and Causes 4. 1 External problems and causes The external problems refer to the strategy of the parent company which includes the requirement for consistent corporate culture and organizational structure, and the limitation of funds and resource allocation. For the U. S. parent company, maintaining consistency is beneficial to group management and corporate image (Boddy, 2005). Because of this strategy, Innovative Electronics has to follow the corporations requirements for designing products which are always unsuitable to the mainly European markets. This strategy meant that the subsidiary lost the direction of production and development. Under the guidance of the consistency strategy, the parent company constrains the support of funds and urges them to strengthen cost control and develop centralized research; this also to some extent hampers the research of Localization. Innovative Electronics can not follow the requirements of the local market and the companys own ideas so that they have lost the basic conditions for market share. They do not have new products for the market, for consumers, and this means Innovative Electronics are not continuously attractive. Coupled with the emergence of new competitors, the subsidiary losing their competitiveness is then inevitable. Both the requirements for consistency and lacking of funds and resources support from the parent company are important reasons for the downturn of Innovative Electronics. The parent companys strategy was permeated with a kind of authoritarian consciousness fundamentally. This point is closely related to the internal problems of Innovative Electronics which will be discussed in the following section. 4. 2 Internal problems and causes Internal problems and causes regard the own problems of Innovative Electronics itself, and this section attempts to find the reasons from the internal structure of this company. The most significant problem is the issue of the organizational structure within Innovative Electronics. In this case, as the bureaucratic form of organization, Innovative Electronics is expected to duplicate the functional structure of its US parent company. Hence, the subsidiarys organizational structure reflects the dictatorial and authoritarian ethos almost everywhere. The functional structure of Innovative Electronics is Machine bureaucracy. According to Galbraith and Mintzberg (1993, cited in Martin, 2006), organizational structure could be changed with the change of market environment. Before the recession of Innovative Electronics, the stable environment and limited environmental interaction promoted bureaucratically based structure and centralized decision making, machine bureaucracy and standardization of work processes, which were sufficient to handle the simple and stable market. However, economic development is fast, market competition is fierce, and the market is in a kind of changeable, complex, dynamic situation. The biggest problem is that Innovative Electronics did not realize the organizational structure needed to change, according to the environmental demands of the market. The subsidiary has always maintained bureaucratic organizational structure which exposed it to so many strategic problems. The serious bureaucratic awareness leads to deviation in the development strategy of this company. Initially, maintaining maximum employee benefits is no longer suitable after the beginning of recession. If the labor costs can not be effectively controlled from the perspective of strategy, it is impossible to ensure new technology research and development of products fundamentally. In addition, layoffs occurred in the areas of technical staff and engineers who are responsible for the core business of the company: new product research and development. In this strategy, core competence is weakened dramatically. Furthermore, many problems arise in the Continuous Improvement (CI) program because of deep-rooted bureaucratic organizational structure. The problems CI concerned are not the core issues of this company. The organizational structure which is the most important problem has been neglected. In the process of implementation of CI, change is implemented on the surface. Bureaucracy is still not shaken or changed. For this reason, CI is meaningless. The purpose of CI is to train a group of promising middle- level managers to give some recommendations for the development of the company. However, most of the proposals were not accepted or implemented. The decisions of this company are still made by the powerful CEO. Meanwhile, the senior manager team has too many controls and restrictions over the workings of the CI team, which means CI can not exert its due function. As a result of the resource constraints by the parent company, there also are some problems associated with the allocation of resources between different departments. The working group has not been given incentives in CI, which lead to negative attitudes of team members for this program. It is not difficult to see that the root cause of failure of change is the bureaucratic organizational structure. In addition to this, other problems which related to leadership and staff relations were caused by the bureaucratic organizational context. Firstly, according to Gandz and Murray (1980), when faced with change, people would try to make rational decisions to protect their own self-interest. The new CEO, John Fox realized that the organizational structure of bureaucracy is the biggest reason and problem. However, he chose to avoid the important and dwell on the trivial. He implemented the CI program to seek suggestions widely and to avoid the authoritarian appearance on the surface. However, what he is doing is different from what he has said in the real implementation process. Uncertain and changeable situations provide the greatest scope for political behavior (Siebert, 2010). Senior managers refuse to change, which shows that over-confidence. When the recession occurs, they do not recognize the marketing changes and do not respond promptly. They thought the situation will get better, even if they do nothing. However, the situation is getting worse. Secondly, increasing the value of resources and effective use of available resources require good cooperation and communication between different departments (Boddy, 2005). However, authoritarian decision making leads to mutual distrust between the senior management team and CI working group. Conflicts are aroused because of the allocation of resources among the working group. Communication problems enable employees to take a negative attitude to CI program. Lacking of team camaraderie has become a potential problem. All of these issues create a vicious circle because of the bureaucratic organizational structure. It is time to change it. 4. Change According to Lewins 3 Stage Model (1951, cited in Beaumont and Stewart, 2010), organisational change involves a movement from the old situation to a new state through â€Å"Unfreeze, Change and Refreeze† which means the change process is started by identifying the problems and motivating to change, then move to the change process, and finally the process will be completed when the organization return to stability. . 3 Unfreeze Paton (2010) stated that change needs to challenge the beliefs and old assumptions to break down the existing current situation, and to prevent the problems from continuing to develop. First of all, Innovative Electronics should recognize the reality that changing the bureaucratic organizational structure is essential. Change requires holistic thinking from the str ategy’s point of view, because the basic strategy will influence and be implemented in every aspect of the company (ibid, 2010). Therefore, to change the settings of the organizational structure must be based on changes in bureaucratic awareness. â€Å"Think global at local (Paton, 2010). † In other words, the parent company needs globalization; the subsidiary needs to localize their development. When the parent company implements the global strategy, the characteristics of different markets in different regions can not be ignored. In terms of the overall strategy, the parent company should abandon the bureaucratic sense of thinking and focus on the global, at the same time, guiding the subsidiary towards localization development direction. It is vital to change completely change the bureaucratic, authoritarian, autocratic structure rather than creating a meaningless project which could not have impacts on core problems. However, the first part of the change process is usually the most difficult and stressful, because the company may evoke strong reactions in employees (Petranker and Purser, 2005). Innovative Electronics needs to create the appropriate conditions such as making good communications with parent company, sister companies and internal employees of the company in order to prepare for change. . 4 Change and Refreeze Into the stage of change, Innovative Electronics should start to believe and act in the way that supports the new direction. For maintaining market share and core competence, companies should pay attention to their own strengths and core products; Organizational structure should be changed from rigid, simple and centralized to flexible, complex and decentralized with the changes of economic enviro nment. Change from maximizing the benefits for employees to maximizing the benefits for customers. Appoint a new manager who has courage and insight, and who practices what they preach; it could use the pattern of decentralization and empowerment opportunely to ensure there is no dictatorship. There are two methods to complete these changes. The first one is Organizational Development (OD). When the nature of the company is leading to a failure to achieve the companys goals, it is time to implement OD (Siebert, 2010). According to French (1969), one of the aims of OD is â€Å"finding synergistic solutions to problems†. Likert (1967, cited in Siebert, 2010) explained that one model of OD designs is participative organization. Contrast with exploitative-authoritative model, leadership in participative organizational structure has confidence in their employees, everyone at all levels has responsibility for organizational goals, high standards of performance, strong communication and a substantial amount of effective teamwork will be reflected in this design. The OD process has three levels: individual, group and organizational levels (Siebert, 2010). Innovative Electronics could change their organizational structure from the organizational level to achieve participative organizational structure which is the optimum solution for this company such as appropriate decentralization and empowerment; re-setting department functions; formulating regulations which are related to decision making; adjusting the style and approach of leadership. It is worth noting that Beaumont and Stewart (2010) argued that the OD model is historically the most people-centered, which means the main point of the OD model is changing attitudes and behavior of people. Therefore, the main changes required are at the organizational level, for the real implementation process for this case. The second method uses a Change Agent. It can be seen that the essence of the CI program in this case is an internal change agent. According to Paton and McCalman (2008), the reasons why a company needs a change agent are managers do not know how to identify and solve problems or how to implement solutions. In this case, because of the internal bureaucratic organizational structure of strategy, CI program failed. An external agent could give a more objective and professional point of view to help them complete the change. At the same time, Innovative Electronics needs to pay attention to the expenses of an external change agent. An important issue at this stage is resistance to change. Some employees would be concerned about their own interests or have restless feelings when facing uncertainty, particularly those people who benefit strongly from the original organizational context. Employee participation could reduce the resistance to change (Beaumont and Stewart, 2010). Good leadership, training, coordination or psychological support may be needed in this stage (Hendry, 1996). The final stage of change process is to achieve â€Å"refreeze†. After the establishment of a new organizational structure and context, the company will move to a new stable situation by bring employees back into their familiar and safe environment (Hendry, 1996). For Innovative Electronics, the ongoing support and training is essential. 5. Conclusion This essay attempted to analyze some management problems which are associated with the organizational contexts, organizational structure and strategies of Innovative Electronics. Bureaucratic organizational context and structure is the main problem and also the main reason which causes many problems within the company. Organizational development model and an external change agent may be able to provide solutions for changing the old structure from bureaucratically based structure and centralized decision making to divisional structure and decentralized decision making. Innovative Electronics should implement effective management on their organizational context and structure, in order to guarantee a good foundation for development in the future.